Abstract Kavain is one of the main kavalactones of Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) with anxiolytic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, mutagenic, and antimutagenic potential of kavain in Allium cepa cells. Roots of A. cepa were transferred to the negative (2% acetone) and positive (10 µg/mL of Methylmethanesulfonate, MMS) controls and to the concentrations of kavain (32, 64 and 128 µg/mL) for 48 h. A total of 5,000 meristematic cells were analyzed under an optical microscope to determine the mitotic index, mean number of chromosomal alterations and percentage of damage reduction. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05). All concentrations of kavain were not cytotoxic and did not show significant chromosomal changes when compared to 2% acetone. Kavain showed a cytoprotective effect in the pre (128 μg/mL) and in the post-treatment (32 and 64 μg/mL) and reduced damage against the mutagenic action of MMS in all concentrations of the pre and simultaneous and at the highest of post (128 μg/mL). Kavain promoted a significant reduction in micronuclei, nuclear buds and chromosomal losses in relation to MMS. The observed data indicate the importance of kavain for the inhibition of damage and chemoprevention.

Resumen Introducción: Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae), conocida como catingueira, es tradicionalmente utilizada en la medicina para tratar diarrea, hepatitis y anemia. Sin embargo, no hay estudios sobre los efectos tóxico genéticos de la P. bracteosa. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se tuvo como objetivo investigar el perfil fitoquímico y el potencial mutagénico y antimutagénico del extracto acuoso de la cáscara de P. bracteosa en Allium cepa y Mus musculus. Métodos: El extracto de la cáscara fue diluido en agua destilada para fornecer las cuatro concentraciones (2, 4, 8 y 16 mg/ml) utilizadas en el bioensayo A. cepa y las tres dosis (10, 20 y 40 mg / Kg) fueron administradas a los ratones (5 animales por grupo). El perfil fito-químico fue realizado por el test colorimétrico para identificar los principales metabólitos secundarios en el extracto de la cáscara. Tras el tratamiento, 5 000 células meristemáticas fueron analizadas para determinar el índice mitótico, el promedio de alteraciones cromosómicas y el porcentaje de reducción de daños. Para ratones, tras 24, 48 y 72 h, la sangre de la cola de cada animal fue recolectado para la preparación de dos láminas por animal. Para cada animal, 2 000 eritrocitos normocromáticos por ratón fueron evaluados para establecer el número de micronúcleos y el efecto protector. Se analizaron los dados por el test de Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0.05). El estudio fito-químico del extracto detectó azúcares reductores y taninos. Resultados: Ninguna de las concentraciones del extracto fue citotóxica y en todos los tratamientos (pre, simultáneo y después) fue observado el efecto citoprotetor en A. cepa. El promedio total de las alteraciones cromosómicas en todas las concentraciones apuntó actividad no mutagénica de la cáscara. El porcentaje de reducción del daño fue observada en los tratamientos pre (de 77.6 al 90.5 %), simultáneo (del 95.6 al 114.7 %) y tras (de 84.8 al 117.7 %). En los ratones, ninguna de las dosis del extracto presentó efecto mutagénico y el porcentaje de reducción del daño osciló de -21.2 al 78.6 % (pre); de 27.5 al 101.3 % (simultánea) y de 85.5 al 120.6 % (tras-tratamiento). Probablemente, los fito-químicos presentes en el extracto no interfirieron en el ciclo celular (A. cepa), tampoco causaron daños al DNA (A. cepa y ratones) y presentaron efecto protector en las dos especies estudiadas. Los datos observados apuntan la importancia del extracto de la cáscara de P. bracteosa para inhibición del daño y quimio prevención. Sin embargo, más estudios deben ser realizados para garantizar su efecto protector sobre el material genético.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae), known as catingueira, is traditionally used in medicine to treat diarrhea, hepatitis and anemia. However, there are no studies on their toxicogenetic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile as well as the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of P. bracteosa aqueous bark extract in Allium cepa and Mus musculus. Methods: The extract from barks was diluted in distilled water to yield the four concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) used in the A. cepa bioassay and the three doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg) administered to the mice (five animals per group). The phytochemical profile was performed by the colorimetric test to identify the main secondary metabolites in the bark extract. After treatment, five-thousand meristematic cells were analyzed to determine the mitotic index, the mean number of chromosome alterations and the percentage of damage reduction. For mice, after 24, 48 and 72 h, tail blood was collected from each animal for the preparation of two slides per animal. For each animal, 2 000 normochromatic erythrocytes per mice were evaluated to establish the number of micronuclei and the protective effect. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). Results: The phytochemical analysis of the extract detected reducing sugars and tannins. None of the concentrations of extract was cytotoxic and the cytoprotective effect was observed in A. cepa for all treatments (pre-, simultaneous and post-). The total mean of chromosome alterations in all concentrations indicated a non-mutagenic activity of the bark. The percentage of damage reduction was observed in the pre- (77.6 to 90.5 %), simultaneous (95.6 to 114.7 %) and post- (84.8 to 117.7 %) treatments. In mice, none of the dosages of extract presented mutagenic effect and the percentage of damage reduction varied from -21.16 to 78.63 % (pre-); from 27.51 to 101.28 % (simultaneous) and from 85.47 to 120.63 % (post-treatment). Conclusions: Probably, the phytochemicals in the extract did not interfere with the cell cycle (A. cepa) nor caused damage to the DNA (A. cepa and mice), and exhibited protective effect in both studied species. The observed data indicate the importance of P. bracteosa bark extract for the inhibition of damage and chemoprevention. However, more studies should be carried out to ensure its protective effect on the genetic material.

RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer e comparar, quanto à representatividade, coleções nucleares obtidas a partir de dados quantitativos, multicategóricos, moleculares e coleções que contemplem todas essas informações, simultaneamente. Foram estabelecidas 10 subcoleções a partir de 67 acessos de tomateiro do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV), caracterizados quanto a 19 caracteres quantitativos, 30 multicategóricos, 52 locos ISSR e reação a três patógenos. Essas subcoleções foram definidas pela combinação entre a natureza dos dados avaliados e a intensidade de amostragem. A subcoleção COD-20 destacou-se a 20% de intensidade de amostragem por possuir maiores índices de coincidência da amplitude acompanhados de valores de variância mais adequados. A 30% de intensidade, a subcoleção MOL-30 foi tão eficiente quanto à subcoleção COD-30, quando se considerou apenas os índices de coincidência da amplitude e as variâncias. Entretanto, a análise gráfica da variabilidade mostrou uma ligeira superioridade da subcoleção COD-30 em manter a variabilidade, principalmente em relação aos caracteres multicategóricos. Assim, sempre que dados de diferentes naturezas estiverem disponíveis, deve-se priorizar o estabelecimento de coleções nucleares a partir da integração dos mesmos, uma vez que essas se mostraram mais representativas, quando considerados o coeficiente de amplitude, variância e o índice de retenção da variabilidade, simultaneamente.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to establish and compare, as to their representativeness, core collections obtained from quantitative data, multicategoric, molecular and collections that covering all this information simultaneously. Ten subcollections were established from 67 tomato accessions of the Germplasm Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV), characterized according to 19 quantitative traits, 30 multicategoric characters, 52 ISSR loci and to the reaction to three pathogens. These subcollections were defined by the combination of the nature of data collected and the sampling rate. The COD-20 subcollection stood out in 20% intensity of sampling by has higher rates of coincidence amplitude followed by more appropriate values of variance. At 30% intensity, subcollection MOL-30 was as efficient as the subcollection COD-30 when considering only the rates of coincidence of the amplitude and the variances. However, the graphical analysis of the variability showed a slight superiority of subcollection COD-30 in maintaining the variability, especially regarding multicategoric characters. So whenever data from different sources are available, should be prioritized the establishment of core collections from the integration of these data, since these were more representative when the amplitude coefficient, variance, and retention index of variability, are regarded simultaneously.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi integrar dados de caracteres quantitativos, multicategóricos, moleculares e fitopatológicos para a avaliação da diversidade genética de subamostras de tomateiro do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV). Foram utilizados dados de 67 subamostras de tomateiro do BGH-UFV, caracterizadas quanto a 19 caracteres quantitativos, 30 multicategóricos, 52 locos ISSR e à reação a três patógenos (Alternaria solani, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato e Tomato yellow spot virus). Inicialmente, a avaliação da diversidade entre as subamostras foi realizada para cada conjunto de caracteres individualmente, e indicou que a diversidade baseada em qualquer um dos conjuntos de dados não reflete a diversidade dos demais. Para a integração dos dados, codificaram-se os de natureza quantitativa em multicategóricos, por meio de cinco estratégias diferentes. A estratégia de divisão equitativa da amplitude dos dados em três classes foi a mais indicada, com correlação de 0,78 entre as matrizes de dissimilaridade dos dados codificados e originais. A análise de diversidade genética a partir da integração dos dados resultou em grupos com maior correspondência às origens das subamostras de tomateiro avaliadas, o que indica que a integração de dados de diferentes naturezas pode ser realizada com êxito pela conversão dos dados quantitativos em multicategóricos.

The objective of this work was to integrate data from quantitative, multicategorical, molecular and phytopathological traits in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato subsamples from the germplasm bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV). Data from 67 tomato subsamples from BGH-UFV were used, characterized according to 19 quantitative traits, 30 multicategoric characters, 52 ISSR loci, and to the reaction to three diseases (Alternaria solani, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Tomato yellow spot virus). Initially, the diversity assessment between the subsamples was performed for each set of characters, indicating that diversity based on any one set of data does not reflect the diversity of another set. For the integration of data, the quantitative ones were coded as multicategoric, by five different strategies. The coding strategy with equitable division of the range of data in three classes was the most appropriate, with correlation of 0.78 between the dissimilarity matrices of encoded and original data. The analysis of genetic diversity by the integration of data resulted in groups with higher correspondence to the origins of the subsamples of tomato, indicating that the integration of data from different sources can be successfully carried out by the conversion of quantitative data in multicategoric.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi distinguir a origem de alelos em progênies heterozigóticas usando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) semiquantitativa em endosperma de milho. Endospermas derivados de híbridos simples diretos e recíprocos entre as linhagens de milho L3 e L1113-01 foram genotipados pela metodologia de PCR semiquantitativa (PCR-SQ) com uso de primers microssatélites fluorescentes. Os produtos de amplificação foram avaliados por meio da razão de intensidade de fluorescência (RIF), calculada entre os valores de intensidade dos picos correspondentes aos alelos derivados de cada genitor. Com base no contraste estatisticamente significativo dos valores médios das RIF entre os híbridos simples direto e recíproco, foi possível distinguir o número de alelos recebidos de cada genitor e, finalmente, determinar a origem dos alelos de cada híbrido. Assim, a genotipagem de endosperma utilizando PCR-SQ é uma estratégia promissora no mapeamento de QTLs em populações exogâmicas de milho.

The objective of this work was to distinguish the parental source of alleles in heterozygous progeny using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in maize endosperm. Endosperms derived from direct and reciprocal single-cross hybrids between maize inbred lines L3 and L1113-01 were genotyped by semiquantitative PCR methodology (SQ-PCR) using fluorescent microsatellite primers. The amplification products were evaluated by the ratios of fluorescence intensity (RFI), calculated between the peaks corresponding to the alleles derived from each parental line. Based on the statistically significant contrast between RFI mean values of direct and reciprocal single-cross hybrids, it was possible to distinguish the number of alleles received from each parental line and, ultimately, to determine the origin of the alleles of each cross. Thus, endosperm genotyping using SQ-PCR is a promising strategy to map QTL in maize outbred populations.